Direct
and Indirect speech
v Direct
speech:
Direct speech says about the “actual
words” are used by the
Speaker
Ex: Anbu said to Siva, “I am reading well now”.
v Indirect
speech:
The words are reported by the other person (or) the
same person but not exact words but the meaning is same.
General Forms:
Anbu said to Siva, “I am reading well now”.
Anbu
– speaker
Said to
– reporting verb
Siva
– listener
I am reading well now – reporting speech
Change of tense:
No
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
1
|
Simple present
tense
|
Simple past
tense
|
2
|
Present continuous tense
|
Past continuous tense
|
3
|
Present
perfect tense
|
Past perfect
tense
|
4
|
Present perfect continuous tense
|
Past perfect continuous tense
|
5
|
Simple past
tense
|
Past perfect
tense
|
6
|
Past continuous tense
|
Past perfect continuous tense
|
7
|
Past perfect
tense
|
Past perfect
tense
|
8
|
Past perfect continuous tense
|
Past perfect continuous tense
|
Change of pronouns
Persons
|
subject
|
Object
|
Possessive adjective
|
Possessive pronoun
|
||||
singular
|
plural
|
singular
|
plural
|
singular
|
plural
|
singular
|
plural
|
|
I st
|
I
|
We
|
Me
|
Us
|
My
|
Our
|
Mine
|
Ours
|
II nd
|
You
|
You
|
You
|
You
|
Your
|
Your
|
Yours
|
Yours
|
III rd
|
He
/She
/It
|
They
|
Him
/Her
/It
|
Them
|
His
/Her
/Its
|
Their
|
His /Hers
/Its
|
Theirs
|
Change of special words
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
1
|
This
|
That
|
2
|
These
|
Those
|
3
|
Here
|
There
|
4
|
Now
|
Then
|
5
|
Thus
|
So (or) in
that way
|
6
|
Ago
|
Before
|
Hence
|
Thence
|
|
8
|
Today
|
That day
|
9
|
To night
|
That night
|
10
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day (or) the following
day
|
11
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
(or) the previous day
|
12
|
Last night
|
The night before (or) the
previous night
|
13
|
Last week
|
The week
before
|
14
|
Next week
|
The week after
|
15
|
Next month
|
The month
after
|
16
|
Next year
|
The year after
|
1
|
Day after
tomorrow
|
Day after next
day
|
Change of auxiliaries
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
1
|
Have, Has
|
Had
|
2
|
Can
|
Could
|
3
|
Will
|
Would
|
4
|
Shall
|
Should
|
5
|
May
|
Might
|
6
|
Must
|
Must/Had to
|
Should
|
Should
|
|
8
|
Am, is
|
Was
|
9
|
Are
|
Were
|
Note:
v Pronouns
of I’st persons are changed to the
speaker
v Pronouns
of II nd persons are changed according to the listener
v I
st person and II nd persons are changed into III rd person
Exceptions:
v If
the speaker is the first person, all the first person pronouns will not change.
Ex: I said, “I want to study law”
I said that I want to study law.
v If
the speaker is the second persons, all the first person pronoun will change
into second person.
Ex: You said to Hari,”I have made my
plans”.
You told Hari that you had made your plans.
v If
the listener is the first person, all the second person pronouns will change
into first person
Ex: Ram said to me, “When will you
return my back?”
Ram asked me when I would return his book.
She said to me, “you are my best friend”
She
told me I was her best friend.
Note:
! If
the reporting verb is in the present tense (or) future tense, the tense of the
verb in the R.S will not change
Ex: She says. “I’m working in Mumbai”
She
says that she is working in Mumbai.
He
will say, “I want to go home”
He
will say that he wants to go home.
! If
the R.S contains a universal truth (or) a habitual fact, the tense of the R.S
will not change.
Ex: She said, “The sun rises in the east”
She
said that the sun rises in the east.
The
teacher explained, “Some birds migrate to warmer place”
The
teacher explained that some birds migrate to warmer place.
! In
the case of past historical event tense should not be changed.
Ex:
The teacher said, “Gandhiji was killed in 1948”
The teacher said that Gandhiji was killed in
1948
! In
the case of an impossible condition tense should not be changed
Ex: Rajan said, “If I were a bird, I would fly
in the sky”
Rajan said that if he were a bird he
would fly in the sky.
! If
the R.S contains proverbs, the tense of the R.S will not change
Ex:
He says, “Prevention is better
than cure”
He says that prevention is better than cure.
v Statement
sentence
Reporting verb change
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
1
|
Say
|
Say
|
2
|
Says
|
Says
|
3
|
Said
|
Said
|
4
|
Said to
|
Told
|
5
|
Said to
|
Tells
|
6
|
Will say
|
Will say
|
Conjunction word is : That
|
||
Ex:
1. Sundhar
said to me, “I shall meet you next week”
Sundhar told me that he would meet me the
following week.
2. Raja
said, “I am going to Ooty for the holidays”
Raja said that he was going to Ooty for
the holidays.
3. The
girl said to the boy, “This idea is excellent”
The girl told to the boy that the idea was
excellent.
v Interrogative
sentence
1. Yes
(or) no type questions
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Said, Said to
|
Asked,
Enquired
|
Conjunction : If/ whether
|
|
Structure
|
|
A.V + S + M.V +----
|
S
+ V + -------
|
2.
“Wh” type questions
Direct
speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Said,
Said to
|
Asked/
Enquired
|
Conjunction
: “Wh” words
|
|
Structure
|
|
“Wh”
(or) question word + V + S+--
|
Q.Word + S + V +-----
|
Ex:
1. Vikram
said to me, “can you help me”
Vikram
asked me if I could help him.
2. She
said to Hari, “Are you hungry”
She
asked Hari if he was hungry.
3. “Are
you sure that the boy is ill?” said the teacher to the captain
The teacher
asked the captain whether he was sure that the boy was ill.
“Wh” type:
1. He
said to me, “where did you stay in Nepal?”
He
asked me where I had stayed in Nepal.
2. Mohan
said to me, “How much money do you have?”
Mohan
asked me how much money I had.
3. The
woman said, “Where can I go from here?”
The
women asked where she could go from there.
4. The
watchman said to me, “whom do you want to see?”
The
watchman asked me whom I wanted to see.
v Imperative
sentence:
Direct
speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Said,
Said to
|
Ordered,
requested, advised, commanded, begged, warned, etc.
|
Conjunction: positive
: “to” negative: “not to”
|
|
Imperative sentences
do not have tense changes
|
|
Ex:
1. He
said to me, “Get out of here”
He ordered to me to get out of here.
2. She
said to me, “Please do not go”
She requested me not to go.
3. Father
said to me, “Do not waste your time”
Father advised to me not to waste my time.
4. The
officer said to his men, “Shoot”
The officer commanded to his men to shoot.
5. Selvi
said to Ram, “Please lend me your pen”
Selvi requested to Ram to lend her his pen.
6. He
said to him, “Please wait there till I return”
He requested him to wait there till he
returned.
Proposals and
suggestions
These sentences begin with words ‘Let
us’
Direct
speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Said,
Said to
|
Proposed
(or) suggested
|
Conjunction: that
|
|
‘Let us’ is changed
into ‘ they should (or) ‘we should’
|
|
Ex:
1. I
said to my friend, “Let us watch the movie”
I proposed my friend that we should watch
a movie
2. My
friends said, “Let us go for a picnic”
My friends proposed that they should go
for a picnic”
3. They
said, “Let us meet the king”
They proposed that they should meet the
king.
Remember that above rule applies only
when “Let us” is used in the sentence. If “Let” comes alone we simply use the
word “requested (or) urged
Ex:
She said to her friends, “Let me go now please”
She said to her friends, “Let me go now please”
She
requested her friends to let her go then.
Exclamatory sentences:
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Said, Said to
|
Exclaimed/Wished
|
|
Said, “Hurrah”,
“Ah”
|
Exclaimed happily, exclaimed with
joy
|
|
Said, “Alas”
|
Exclaimed
sadly, exclaimed with sorrow (or) with regret
|
|
Said, “Bravo”
|
Applauded
|
|
Conjunction: that
|
||
Structure
|
||
How + adjective + S + V+___!
|
S + V + very + adjective +____
|
|
What a + adjective + S + V +_____!
|
S
+ V + a very + adjective + _____
|
|
What a + noun …… + S + V!
|
S + V + a great + noun……
|
|
Ex:
1.
The
young man said, “How beautiful the Taj is!”
The young man exclaimed that the Taj was
very beautiful!
2.
The
old man said, “What a nice part it is!”
The old man exclaimed that it was a very
nice part!
3.
My
father said to him, “What a fool you are!”
My father exclaimed that he was a great
fool!
4.
He
said, “Alas! I am undone”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was
undone!
5.
The
captain said, “Bravo! We have won the watch”
The captain applauded that they had won
the match!
6.
She
said, “What a kind man!
She exclaimed that he was a very kind man!
7.
Ravi
said, “What a strange thing!”
Ravi exclaimed that it was a very strange
thing!
8.
Ravi
said, “What a tragic end!”
Ravi exclaimed that it was a very tragic
end!
9.
He
said to me, “May you live you long!”
He exclaimed that I might live long!
10.
She
said, “How cruel of him!”
She
exclaimed that it was very cruel of him!
11.
He
said, “Alas! Our enemies are too strong!”
He
exclaimed sadly that their enemies were too strong!
12.
“What
lovely paintings!” the tourist said,
The tourist exclaimed that they were very
lovely paintings!
13.
The
women said to men, “Hurrah! I’ve found my purse”
The women exclaimed with joy that she had
found her purse!
14.
The
boy said, “Alas! Gandhiji is no more.
The boy exclaimed with sorrow that Gandhiji
was no more.
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